446

29 Zero-Waste Biorefineries for Circular Economy

Household

Composting

Compost

Biorefining

Food crop

Compost

Biogas

Municipal household waste

Household waste bin

Liquid biofuels

Fruits and vegetables

CO2

collection

Figure 29.3

The schematic representation of zero-waste management concept.

the globe. Besides, regulatory factors as human resources, intellectual property,

regulatory condition, and social acceptance are stimulating factors. The principal

element which can dissolve the complications of the economy is the sustainable

resource demand which can bypass various challenges. There is a connection

between the risk and opportunities factor of bioenergy with that of bioeconomy.

The full utilization of waste resource from thermal and power application to

composting and application as biomanure to achieve zero-waste concept and

circular economy is shown in Figure 29.3. For the generation of energy from the

biomass, the ratio of the number of benefits with that of the negative impact of

bioenergy production can be encountered by biodiversity, food security, and water

quality areas [41]. The dependency of these impacts for the actualization is largely

on the design and bioenergy system implementation. How much reduction in GHG

emission is going to happen is dependent on another parameter being technology

and resource management of the feedstock and land used [42]. Bioenergy can be

considered as a test study for bioeconomy, especially in achieving sustainability

goals. However, the impact of bioenergy systems is recruiting complications by

growing international trades and increasing competition for biomass resources [42].

Policies established by the EU played an important role in the birth of bio-based

fuel. In 2008 as per the climate and energy policy package, by 2020 in the overall EU